The cigarette filters were extracted with dichloromethane, and the extract was filtered with 0.22 μm organic phase membrane. Zhang, Xiaotao Zhang, Li Ruan, Yibin Wang, Weiwei Ji, Houwei Wan, Qiang Lin, Fucheng Liu, JianĪ method for the simultaneous determination of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cigarette filter was developed by isotope internal standard combined with gas chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry. We describe the fabrication processes and compare experimental data on the optical properties in reflection and transmission with our simulations and photonic band structure calculations. The resulting samples are highly periodic thin-film inverted opals made of conducting and transparent zinc-oxide. We suggest as wavelength-selective optical element a 3D-structured optical thin-film, prepared by self-organized artificial opal templates and replicated with atomic layer deposition. This increases the efficiency for a typical a-Si / μc-Si tandem cell from 11.1% to 12.4%, as a result of the optical current-matching of the two junctions. From our previous simulations, we expect a significant improvement of the tandem cell efficiency of about absolutely 1.3%. Our device aims for the enhancement of the optical pathway of incident light within the amorphous silicon top cell in its spectral region of low absorption. The concept of a 3D photonic crystal structure as diffractive and spectrally selective intermediate filter within 'micromorphous' (a-Si/μc-Si) tandem solar cells has been investigated numerically and experimentally. Lee, Seung-Mo Knez, Mato Rockstuhl, Carsten Lisca, Marian Lederer, Falk L. Three-dimensional photonic crystals as intermediate filter for thin-film tandem solar cellsīielawny, Andreas Miclea, Paul T. In this report, we demonstrate that combining the laser heating system with a tandem imaging acousto-optical tunable filter allows measurement of the temperature distribution under laser heating of the platinum plates as well as a visualization of the infrared laser beam, that is widely used for laser heating in diamond anvil cells. The main component of the system is a tandem imaging acousto-optical tunable filter synchronized with a video camera. Recently it has been shown that it is possible to measure the two-dimensional distribution of the surface temperature of microscopic specimens. Practical limitations on etalon plate smoothness and parallelism cause the defect finesse to be relatively low, especially in the ultraviolet, and this sets upper limits to the capability of tandem etalon filters to suppress the solar background at tolerable cost to the signal.Ĭombined laser heating and tandem acousto-optical filter for two-dimensional temperature distribution on the surface of the heated microobjectīykov, A. The principal parameter governing the performance of the etalon filters is the etalon defect finesse. Attenuators placed between the etalons can improve the filter performance, at modest cost to the signal transmittance. The role of reflective coupling between etalons is examined and shown to substantially reduce the contributions of the second and third etalons to the filter performance. Equations for evaluating this parameter are presented for single-, double-, and triple-etalon filter systems. The factor by which the signal to background ratio is enhanced is defined as a measure of the performance of the etalon as a filter. In this research methods for the design and performance analysis of Fabry-Perot etalons as solar background filters are presented. Single and tandem Fabry-Perot etalons as solar background filters for lidar.Ītmospheric lidar is difficult in daylight because of sunlight scattered into the receiver field of view.
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